A perspective on high-entropy materials for electromagnetic wave absorbers in extreme environments

Yuanyuan Zhang, Yujie Zhu, Li Guan, Jialu Suo, Yuanhua Hu, Qiancheng Gao, Biao Zhao, Rui Zhang

Extreme Materials ›› 2026, Vol. 2 ›› Issue (1) : 12-33.

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Extreme Materials ›› 2026, Vol. 2 ›› Issue (1) : 12-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.exm.2026.01.003

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A perspective on high-entropy materials for electromagnetic wave absorbers in extreme environments

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Abstract

The advancement of cutting-edge technologies, including hypersonic vehicles, aerospace transportation platforms, and fusion energy systems, is driving the transition in electromagnetic stealth requirements from room-temperature conditions to extreme environments. However, traditional wave-absorbing materials suffer severe performance degradation at temperatures above 500 °C or under corrosive and irradiated conditions. Owing to their unique thermodynamic stability and tunable multi-element structures, high-entropy materials provide a promising route to address these challenges. This review systematically summarizes the electromagnetic-wave absorption behavior and structural evolution of high-entropy alloys, high-entropy ceramics, and high-entropy MAX/MXene materials under extreme conditions such as oxidation (550-1600 °C), salt-spray exposure, cryogenic temperatures, and thermal shock. Particular emphasis is placed on elucidating the mechanisms enabling efficient electromagnetic dissipation, including composition design, microstructural engineering, and multi-mode coupling. Reported studies indicate that these materials can achieve reflection losses below −30 dB and effective bandwidths exceeding 10 GHz across a variety of systems while maintaining excellent environmental stability. Future research opportunities include machine-learning-assisted multi-objective optimization, scalable fabrication strategies, and the development of sustainable high-entropy absorber systems for practical deployment in extreme environments.

Key words

Electromagnetic wave absorption / Extreme environments / High-entropy alloys / High-entropy ceramics / High-entropy MAX / High-entropy MXene

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Yuanyuan Zhang, Yujie Zhu, Li Guan, 等. [J]. Extreme Materials. 2026, 2(1): 12-33 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exm.2026.01.003
Yuanyuan Zhang, Yujie Zhu, Li Guan, et al. A perspective on high-entropy materials for electromagnetic wave absorbers in extreme environments[J]. Extreme Materials. 2026, 2(1): 12-33 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exm.2026.01.003

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脚注

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No.52271167), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No.52473296), the Science Foundation for The Key Scientific of Henan Province (No.242300421188), the Joint Fund of Research and Development Program of Henan Province (No.235200810009), the International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Henan Province (No.241111520800), the Key Research and Development Projects of Henan Province (No.241111231600), the Postgraduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project of ZUA (No.2024YJSKC01).


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