Recent advances in high-entropy ceramics: Design principles, structural characteristics, and emerging properties

Yiran Li, Donghui Pan, Jiehui Cao, Wenhui Fang, Yiwang Bao, Bin Liu

Extreme Materials ›› 2025, Vol. 1 ›› Issue (2) : 42-72.

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Extreme Materials ›› 2025, Vol. 1 ›› Issue (2) : 42-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.exm.2025.05.002
Review article

Recent advances in high-entropy ceramics: Design principles, structural characteristics, and emerging properties

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Abstract

High-entropy ceramics (HECs) have attracted growing research attention since 2015, when the pioneering work on entropy-stabilized oxides was first reported. Derived from the definition of high-entropy alloys, HECs initially referred to disordered ceramic solid solutions comprising five or more principal elements in equimolar ratios occupying the same Wyckoff sites. The concept has rapidly evolved to encompass more complex systems with tunable element distributions across multiple crystallographic positions. Distinct from conventional ceramics, HECs are characterized by their unique chemical diversity and high configurational entropy, which contribute to enhanced structural stability and promising functional properties. Given the remarkable progress of HECs, this review systematically summarizes advancements over the past five years, including oxides (both simple and complex) and non-oxides (carbides, borides, and related compounds). Specifically, we focus on theoretical design principles for stability prediction and property optimization. We then examine the expanding compositional and structural space of emerging compounds and also discuss structure-property correlations and innovative processing methods. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive overview of the most extensively investigated properties, including mechanical, thermal, electrical, catalytic, magnetic and dielectric characteristics. Looking forward, HECs hold great promise for various applications, and this review may provide some fundamental insights and practical design strategies for realizing their full potential.

Key words

High-entropy ceramics / Compositional design / Structures / Properties

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Yiran Li , Donghui Pan , Jiehui Cao , et al . Recent advances in high-entropy ceramics: Design principles, structural characteristics, and emerging properties[J]. Extreme Materials. 2025, 1(2): 42-72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exm.2025.05.002

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Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52102070 and 52172071). Yiran Li acknowledges support from the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (No. 2024QNRC001).

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