Extreme Materials

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Sensing-actuating performance of flexible piezoelectric composites by component optimization

Yanheng Guo, Weixuan Zhang, Kecheng Li, Di Wu, Tao Liu, Wenfeng Zhang, Yishou Wang

Extreme Materials, 2025, 1(2): 27-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.exm.2025.05.001

Components	PZT-5H	Epoxy resin	Copper
Young's modulus (GPa)	$\begin{array}{rr}& {E}_{1}={E}_{2}=54.05\\ & {E}_{3}=48.03\end{array}$	2.9	117.2
Shear modulus (GPa)	$\begin{array}{rr}& {G}_{23}={G}_{13}=19.48\\ & {G}_{12}=19.14\end{array}$	1.11	43.41
Poisson's ratio	$\begin{array}{rr}& {v}_{23}={v}_{13}=0.44\\ & {v}_{12}=0.41\end{array}$	0.3	0.35
Piezoelectric constant (pC/N)	$\begin{array}{rr}& {d}_{31}={d}_{32}=-185\\ & {d}_{33}=440\end{array}$	-	-
Dielectric constant ( nF/m )	$\begin{array}{rr}& {\epsilon }_{11}={\epsilon }_{22}=17.2657\\ & {\epsilon }_{33}=16.3802\end{array}$	0.0376	0.0443

Table 2 Material properties of RVE components.

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Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of an FPC structure. (a) D31-FPC. (b) D33-FPC.
Table 1 Geometrical parameters of RVE model components.
Fig. 2. RVE model of FPC.(a)RVE model of D33-FPC.(b)RVE model of D31-FPC.
Table 3 RVE model parameters for different PZT volume fractions.
Fig. 3. (a)RVE model. (b) mesh scheme.
Fig. 4. Variation of strain with fiber volume fraction for D33-RVE under the same electromechanical conditions.
Fig. 5. Variation of strain with fiber volume fraction for D31-RVE under the same electromechanical conditions.
Fig. 6. (a) Effect of ceramic fiber volume fraction on the elastic modulus of the piezoelectric active layer. (b) Effect of ceramic fiber volume fraction on the Possion's Ratio of the piezoelectric active layer. (c) Effect of ceramic fiber volume fraction on the compliance of the piezoelectric active layer. (d) Effect of ceramic fiber volume fraction on the piezoelectric constant d33 of the piezoelectric active layer. (e) Effect of ceramic fiber volume fraction on the piezoelectric constant d31 of the piezoelectric active layer. (f) Effect of ceramic fiber volume fraction on the Dielectric Constant of the piezoelectric active layer.
Fig. 7. Electric field distribution in the yOz plane of the RVE model for D33FPC.
Fig. 8. Electric field distribution in the yOz plane of the RVE model for D31FPC.
Fig. 9. (a) Electric field intensity parallel to the fiber direction for D33-Type FPC; (b) Electric field intensity perpendicular to the fiber direction for D33-Type FPC; (c) Electric field intensity parallel to the fiber direction for D31-Type FPC; (d) Electric field intensity perpendicular to the fiber direction for D31-Type FPC.
Fig. 10. Distribution of the electric field component perpendicular to the fiber direction between electrodes for D33-type FPC (the horizontal axis representing the normalized coordinate parallel to the electric field direction, i.e., the ratio of the distance from the observation point to the electrode centerline to the electrode spacing).
Fig. 11. Effect of electrode spacing on the electric field intensity perpendicular to the fiber direction for D33-FPC.
Table 4 Effect of electrode spacing on the proportions of homogeneously polarization zone and dead zone in D33-FPC.
Fig. 12. Effect of electrode spacing on the electric field distribution region for D33-FPC.
Fig. 13. Effect of electrode spacing on the electric field intensity parallel to the fiber direction for D33-FPC.
Fig. 14. Variation trend of the applied electric field intensity and effective electric field area ratio with electrode spacing in D33-FPC.
Fig. 15. Effect of electrode spacing on the electric field distribution perpendicular to the fiber direction for D31-FPC.
Table 5 Effect of electrode spacing on the proportions of homogeneously polarization zone and dead zone in D31-FPC.
Fig. 16. Effect of electrode spacing on the electric field distribution region for D31-FPC.
Fig. 17. Effect of electrode width on the electric field intensity parallel to the fiber direction for D33-Type FPC.
Table 6 Effect of electrode width on the proportions of homogeneously polarization zone and dead zone in D33-FPC.
Table 7 Effect of Electrode Width on The Proportions of Homogeneously Polarization Zone and Dead Zone in D31-FPC.
Fig. 18. Effect of electrode width on the electric field distribution region for D33-Type FPC.
Fig. 19. Stress distribution of the RVE model of D33-FPC under 400 V voltage.
Fig. 20. Effect of electrode width on the maximum stress in D33-FPC.
Fig. 21. Effect of electrode width on the electric field distribution perpendicular to the fiber direction for D31-FPC.
Fig. 22. Effect of electrode width on the electric field distribution region for D31-FPC.
Fig. 23. Effect of electrode width on the maximum stress in D31-FPC.

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